在巴西參加G20峰會的阿根廷總統米萊,在百忙之中接受了Podcast主持人弗里德曼長達兩小時的專訪,闡述了其經濟政治理念,以及如何在上任一年內克服改革阻力,使阿根廷開始走出滯脹的泥潭,又不引發社會的危機。我相信,其代表的自由主義理念,在未來數年在世界範圍內將得到越來越多的迴響。
《經濟學人》|哈維爾·米萊:"我對國家機器的蔑視是無限的"
作者|哈維爾·米萊
阿根廷總統受到川普右翼的崇拜。他們應該更好地了解他。
不少美國人期待新一屆川普政府能對臃腫不堪、權力橫行的政府部門揮動改革利刃,大幅削減支出,放鬆管制束縛。全球政府債務在金融危機(2007-09年)和疫情的雙重衝擊下已持續攀升了二十年,在這樣的背景下,這一目標是否還能實現,已成為牽動美國乃至全球的重大問題。如果要尋找答案,如果要探索如何馴服這頭失控的政府巨獸,我們不妨將目光投向華盛頓以南5000英里處的一場非同尋常實驗。
哈維爾·米萊擔任阿根廷總統已有一年。他在競選時揮舞電鋸,但他的經濟計劃是認真的,是自戴卓爾主義以來最激進的自由市場改革方案之一。這帶來了風險,不僅因為阿根廷動盪的歷史,還因為米萊爆炸性的個性。但其中的經驗教訓也同樣引人注目。
左派憎恨他,川普派的右翼擁抱他,但他實際上都不屬於這兩個陣營。他證明了國家機器的持續擴張並非不可避免。他是對機會主義民粹主義(如唐納德·川普所踐行的那種)的一個原則性批判。米萊信奉自由貿易和自由市場,而非保護主義;主張財政紀律,而非肆意借貸;他不會編織討好民眾的幻想,而是殘酷地說出公開的事實。
幾十年來,阿根廷一直深陷困境,政府大肆分配恩惠,政客們欺騙民眾,央行靠印鈔票來掩蓋裂痕。為了控制通貨膨脹,政府採取了一系列價格管制、多重匯率和資本管制措施。它是現代經濟史上迄今唯一一個從發達國家地位跌回中等收入水平的國家。
米萊當選時獲得了扭轉這種衰退的授權。他的電鋸實質上削減了近三分之一的公共支出,將部委數量減半,並實現了預算盈餘。他大幅削減了繁文縟節,使從房屋租賃到航空業的市場獲得自由。結果令人鼓舞。月度通貨膨脹率從13%降至3%。投資者對違約風險的評估降低了一半。飽受打擊的經濟顯示出復甦跡象。
令人着迷的是這些數字背後的哲學理念。米萊常常被錯誤地歸類於川普、法國和德國的極右翼或匈牙利的歐爾班等民粹主義領導人。實際上,他來自一個不同的傳統。作為開放市場和個人自由的真正信徒,他對經濟自由懷有近乎宗教般的熱忱,對社會主義充滿仇恨,正如他在本周接受我們採訪時所說,對國家機器懷有"無限"的蔑視。他不推行產業政策和關稅,而是促進與不干涉阿根廷國內事務的私營企業(包括中國企業)進行貿易。他是一個崇拜瑪格麗特·戴卓爾的小政府共和黨人——一個瀕危物種的狂熱代表。他的民調支持率正在上升,在任期的這個階段,他在阿根廷的受歡迎程度超過了他的近期前任。
但別被眼前的成績蒙蔽了雙眼,米萊的改革實驗依然危機四伏。緊縮政策已讓貧困率從去年的40%飆升至2024年上半年的53%。如果改革阻力不斷加大,而貝隆主義反對派又成功凝聚力量,米萊的施政藍圖可能難以為繼。更大的挑戰還在後面:一旦他着手取消資本管制,讓估值虛高的比索走向自由浮動,投資者信心將面臨嚴峻考驗——貨幣暴跌不僅會讓市場神經緊繃,還可能引發新一輪通脹飆升。此外,米萊本人的特立獨行也埋下了隱憂,他可能會陷入性別議題和氣候變化等文化戰爭的漩渦,從而偏離振興阿根廷經濟這一根本使命。
儘管如此,雖然阿根廷是一個非常特殊的國家,但米萊的第一年對世界其他地方(包括他在美國的仰慕者和批評者)仍有借鑑意義。以國家機器的擴張為例。全球公共債務從20年前占GDP的70%上升到今年的93%,到2030年將達到100%。債務不僅困擾着富裕國家,也困擾印度和他一樣的國家都存在巨額赤字。
金融危機和疫情提高了借貸水平,並造成了一種認知:當人們處於逆境時,政府總會介入。許多國家面臨着人口老齡化帶來的醫療保健和養老金成本上升問題。監管似乎只會不斷積累。各國政府對如何打破這個循環束手無策。在一些地方,比如法國,這樣做的前景可能會引發政治混亂。
米萊的部分政策措施較為技術性。為了削減開支,他要求政府各部門削減採購、行政費用和薪資開支,而非削減對最貧困群體的現金轉移。他意識到,控制養老金支出至關重要,因為人口老齡化吞噬了預算的大部分,這一財政現實是許多國家尚未正視的問題。在執政過程中,他學會了在信念中加入一劑務實的成分。他為阿根廷設定了方向,但將立法談判交給了他的團隊,並要求經驗豐富的部長們來監管經濟,尤其是他的去監管大臣費德里科·斯圖爾岑內格爾。
大自我,小政府
也許最大的經驗教訓是關於勇氣和連貫性。無論喜歡與否,米萊的政策彼此呼應,這放大了它們的效果。與川普不同,他不會一邊承諾釋放市場和消費者的力量,一邊又承諾保護企業免受競爭。通過贏得艱難但至關重要的改革之爭,他表明那些習慣了被粉飾過的陳詞濫調的選民實際上可以接受嚴峻的事實。
米萊,這個穿着機車夾克、高喊"無政府資本主義"口號、脾氣暴躁的人,是個不太可能的救世主,他可能無法拯救阿根廷。但他試圖連貫和系統地應對一個幾乎普遍存在問題的極端表現,這種嘗試值得全世界密切關注。包括白宮。■
Javier Milei:「My contempt for the state is infinite」
Many people in America hope that the new Trump administration will take an axe to a bloated and overbearing government, cutting spending and rolling back regulation. Whether this goal is even plausible any more is a crucial question for America and the world, after two decades in which government debt globally has risen relentlessly, fuelled by the financial crisis of2007-09 and the pandemic. For an answer, and a case study of taming an out-of-control Leviathan, head5,000 miles south from Washington, where an extraordinary experiment is under way.
在美國,許多人希望新一屆川普政府能夠拿起大刀,削減膨脹且霸道的政府開支,回滾過多的管制。然而,這一目標是否仍然可行,是一個對美國乃至全球都至關重要的問題。過去二十年裏,全球政府債務持續上升,尤其是受到2007-09年金融危機和疫情的推動。為了尋找答案,以及作為治理失控的「利維坦」案例的研究,可以向南飛行5000英里,前往一個正在進行的非凡實驗地。
Javier Milei has been president of Argentina for a year. He campaigned wielding a chainsaw, but his economic programme is serious and one of the most radical doses of free-market medicine since Thatcherism. It comes with risks, if only because of Argentina’s history of instability and Mr Milei’s explosive personality. But the lessons are striking, too.
哈維爾·米萊已擔任阿根廷總統一年。他競選時以電鋸為象徵,但他的經濟政策卻是嚴肅的,堪稱自戴卓爾主義以來最激進的自由市場治療方法之一。雖然阿根廷歷史上長期的動盪以及米萊本人爆炸性的個性使這一政策面臨風險,但他的做法也具有顯著的示範意義。
The left detests him and the Trumpian right embraces him, but he truly belongs to neither group. He has shown that the continual expansion of the state is not inevitable. And he is a principled rebuke to opportunistic populism, of the sort practised by Donald Trump. Mr Milei believes in free trade and free markets, not protectionism; fiscal discipline, not reckless borrowing; and, instead of spinning popular fantasies, brutal public truth-telling.
左翼對他深惡痛絕,川普式的右翼則擁抱他,但他真正屬於這兩者之外。他已經證明,國家的不斷擴張並非不可避免。他是對機會主義民粹主義,像川普那種形式的民粹主義,的原則性反擊。米萊信奉自由貿易和自由市場,而非保護主義;信奉財政紀律,而非盲目借貸;並且他不像其他政治人物那樣編造大眾幻想,而是直接講述殘酷的公共真相。
Argentina has been in trouble for decades, with a state that handed out patronage, politicians who lied and a central bank that printed money to paper over the cracks. To control inflation, its governments resorted to a blizzard of price controls, multiple exchange rates and capital controls. It is so far the only country in modern economic history to have tumbled from rich-world status back into the middle-income bracket.
阿根廷幾十年來一直處於困境中,國家給出政治庇護,政客撒謊,而中央銀行則通過印鈔來掩蓋經濟漏洞。為控制通脹,歷屆政府不得不實施一系列價格管制、多個匯率和資本管制。阿根廷是現代經濟史上唯一一個從富裕國家地位跌回中等收入國家行列的國家。
Mr Milei was elected with a mandate to reverse this decline. His chainsaw has cut public spending by almost a third in real terms, halved the number of ministries and engineered a budget surplus. There has been a bonfire of red tape, liberating markets from housing rentals to airlines. The results are encouraging. Inflation has fallen from13% month on month to3%. Investors』 assessment of the risk of default has halved. A battered economy is showing signs of recovery.
米萊在選舉中獲得了扭轉這一衰退趨勢的授權。他的「電鋸」削減了幾乎三分之一的公共開支,實際削減了半數的政府部門,且實現了財政盈餘。與此同時,他廢除了繁瑣的監管規定,解放了從住房租賃到航空公司等各個市場。結果令人鼓舞,通脹從每月13%降至3%。投資者對違約風險的評估已經減半。受困的經濟也開始顯示出復甦的跡象。
What is fascinating is the philosophy behind the figures. Mr Milei is often wrongly lumped in with populist leaders such as Mr Trump, the hard right in France and Germany or Viktor Orban in Hungary. In fact he comes from a different tradition. A true believer in open markets and individual liberty, he has a quasi-religious zeal for economic freedom, a hatred of socialism and, as he told us in an interview this week,「infinite」 contempt for the state. Instead of industrial policy and tariffs, he promotes trade with private firms that do not interfere in Argentina’s domestic affairs, including Chinese ones. He is a small-state Republican who admires Margaret Thatcher—a messianic example of an endangered species. His poll ratings are rising and, at this point in his term, he is more popular in Argentina than his recent predecessors were.
更為迷人的是他背後哲學的內涵。米萊經常被錯誤地與民粹主義領袖,如川普、法國和德國的極右翼或匈牙利的維克托·歐爾班相提並論。實際上,他來自一種不同的傳統。他是真正的開放市場和個人自由的信徒,對於經濟自由有着幾乎宗教般的熱忱,痛恨社會主義,正如他本周接受採訪時所說的:「對國家的蔑視是無盡的」。米萊提倡與不干涉阿根廷內政的私人公司(包括中國公司)進行貿易,而不是依賴工業政策和關稅。他是一位小政府型的共和主義者,崇敬戴卓爾——一個已瀕臨滅絕的典範。在他的任期初期,他的民調支持率不斷上升,比起他的前任,他在阿根廷的受歡迎程度更高。
Make no mistake, the Milei experiment could still go badly wrong. Austerity has caused an increase in the poverty rate, which jumped to53% in the first half of2024 from40% a year earlier. Mr Milei could struggle to govern if resistance builds and the Peronist opposition is better organised. Investor confidence will be tested if he finally removes capital controls and shifts an overvalued peso to a flexible exchange-rate regime: a currency slump could test nerves and push inflation back up. Mr Milei is an eccentric who could become distracted by culture wars over gender and climate change, and thus neglect his core mission of restoring Argentina’s economy to growth.
毫無疑問,米萊的實驗仍然可能出現嚴重問題。緊縮政策導致貧困率上升,2024年上半年貧困率從去年同期的40%躍升至53%。如果抵抗情緒加劇,且庇隆主義反對派更為有組織,米萊可能會面臨治理困難。如果他最終撤銷資本管制,將被高估的比索匯率轉為靈活匯率制度,那麼投資者的信心將受到嚴峻考驗:貨幣貶值可能引發恐慌,並推高通脹。米萊是一個具有個性的人,可能會在性別和氣候變化的文化戰爭中分心,從而忽視恢復阿根廷經濟增長的核心任務。
Nonetheless, and despite the fact that Argentina is a very unusual country, Mr Milei’s first year holds lessons for the rest of the world, including his admirers and detractors in America. Take the growth of the state. Global public debt has risen from70% of gdp20 years ago to93% this year and will hit100% by2030. Debt is a scourge not only in rich countries but also in China and India, which are both running vast deficits.
然而,儘管阿根廷是一個非常特殊的國家,米萊的第一年仍然為世界其他國家提供了有價值的經驗,包括他在美國的支持者和反對者。全球公共債務已經從20年前的GDP的70%增長到今年的93%,並預計到2030年將達到100%。債務不僅是富裕國家的問題,也是中國和印度等國的困境,它們的財政赤字也在不斷擴大。
The financial crisis and the pandemic raised borrowing and created a sense that the government will always step in when people are in adversity. Many countries face rising health-care and pension costs as the population ages. Regulations only ever seem to accumulate. Governments are at a loss as to how to break the cycle. In some places, such as France, the prospect of doing so threatens political chaos.
金融危機和疫情加大了借款,並使得人們產生了這樣一種感覺:政府總是會在人民陷入困境時出手相助。許多國家面臨隨着人口老齡化而不斷上升的醫療和養老金支出。政府監管只會不斷積累,政府陷入了如何打破這一循環的困境。在一些國家,比如法國,嘗試打破這個循環的前景甚至威脅到政治混亂。
Some of Mr Milei’s lessons are technical. To cut spending he has asked government departments to slash expenses on procurement, administrative costs and salaries rather than cash transfers to the poorest. He recognised that controlling pension spending is essential because an ageing population eats up vast chunks of the budget, a fiscal reality that many countries have yet to confront. In power, he has learned to add a dose of pragmatism to his convictions. He has set the direction for Argentina, but delegates legislative horse-trading to his staff and asks skilled ministers to oversee the economy—most notably Federico Sturzenegger, his deregulation tsar.
米萊的一些經驗是技術性的。為了削減開支,他要求政府部門減少採購、行政成本和薪資支出,而不是減少對貧困者的現金轉移。他認識到,控制養老金支出至關重要,因為人口老齡化將吞噬大量預算,而這一財政現實是許多國家尚未直面的問題。在執政過程中,他已經學會將務實主義融入到他的信念中。他為阿根廷設定了方向,但將立法上的博弈交給了他的團隊,並請來了技術型部長來管理經濟,最著名的是他的去監管大臣費德里科·斯圖爾岑內格爾。
Big ego, small government
Perhaps the biggest lesson is about courage and coherence. Like them or not, Mr Milei’s policies align with each other, which magnifies their effect. Unlike Mr Trump, he has not promised to unleash the power of markets and consumers in one breath, and to protect businesses from competition in the next. By winning the argument for tough but vital reform, he has shown that voters used to sugar-coated banalities can in fact be trusted with hard truths.
也許最大的教訓是關於勇氣和一致性。無論喜不喜歡,米萊的政策之間是相互一致的,這放大了它們的效果。與川普不同,他沒有在一口氣提倡釋放市場和消費者的力量,接着又承諾保護企業免受競爭影響。通過為艱難但必要的改革辯護,他已經證明,習慣於甜言蜜語的選民其實可以接受嚴酷的真相。
Mr Milei, with his biker jackets,「anarcho-capitalist」 mantra and explosive temper, is an unlikely saviour, and he may not save Argentina. But his attempt to confront, coherently and systematically, one of the most extreme incarnations of what is now a near-universal problem deserves to be watched closely around the world. Including in the White House.
米萊穿着摩托車夾克,宣揚「無政府資本主義」口號,並且脾氣暴躁,顯然是個不太可能的救世主,也許他並不能拯救阿根廷。但他試圖有條不紊、系統地面對這一幾乎全球性的最極端問題,這一努力值得全世界關注,包括白宮。