哈馬斯（阿拉伯語：حماس，英語：Hamas）是伊斯蘭抵抗運動組織的簡稱。該組織成立於1987年，是巴勒斯坦的一個伊斯蘭運動組織和政黨[1]。「Hamas」源自「伊斯蘭抵抗運動」一詞在阿拉伯文（حركة المقاومة الاسلامية）中的英文譯音轉寫（Ḥarakat al-Muqāwama al-Islāmiyya）的首字母縮略字。由於阿拉伯文的書寫系統是從右往左，故用此英文轉寫在字面上其實是反向的。
哈馬斯的主要目標就是「將以色列從地圖上消除」，並在現以色列、約旦河西岸以及加沙地帶等地區建立伊斯蘭神權國家。為實現這一目標，哈馬斯不惜訴諸武力。
該組織走向兩個極端：一面從事慈善事業，另一面進行對以色列的攻擊活動。同情巴勒斯坦的人特別是穆斯林人士往往認為哈馬斯是反以英雄，親以色列的西方人士往往認為哈馬斯是恐怖組織。
2006年1月26日，哈馬斯在巴勒斯坦第二次立法委員會選舉中獲勝，對巴以局勢可能產生巨大波動。哈馬斯並且承諾會清除加沙地帶所有法塔赫的活躍分子。
政治主張
哈馬斯是巴勒斯坦一個宗教性的政治組織，反對同以色列和談，並且不放棄以武力消滅以色列，並將巴勒斯坦人對以色列的攻擊行動稱為「聖戰」，從而建立由地中海到約旦河西岸、並以耶路撒冷為首都的巴勒斯坦國。哈馬斯在以色列佔領區經常組織和策劃反對以色列的示威和恐怖活動，並製造自殺性爆炸事件，不時綁架或暗殺以色列居民，被以色列和西方國家視為恐怖組織加以取締。
由於哈馬斯與巴勒斯坦解放組織的政治主張不同，因此經常發生暴力衝突。
歷史
哈馬斯原為巴勒斯坦穆斯林兄弟會的一個分支，影響都很小，由於注重在中下層群眾中發展成員，在清真寺、醫院、學校等場合宣傳自己的政治主張而漸漸獲得深厚的群眾基礎。1987年12月14日，巴勒斯坦被佔領土爆發「石頭起義」的時候宗教領導人艾哈邁德·亞辛提議成立「伊斯蘭抵抗運動」，1988年1月，「哈馬斯」一詞正式在伊斯蘭抵抗運動的各種公告和各大媒體中出現。
2004年3月22日，亞辛在以色列發動的空襲中身亡。
2006年1月26日，哈馬斯在巴勒斯坦第二次立法委員會選舉中獲得132個席位中的76席，遠遠超過其他黨派（民族解放運動法塔赫獲得43席），其崛起對巴以局勢構成嚴重衝擊。3月28日，巴勒斯坦立法委員會宣佈，哈馬斯提交的新政府組建計劃獲得通過。[1]
領導人
- 謝赫·艾哈邁德·亞辛哈馬斯創始人和精神領袖
- 阿卜杜勒·阿齊茲·蘭提 （阿卜杜勒·阿齊茲·蘭蒂希）
- 阿迪爾·阿瓦德拉與伊馬德·阿瓦德拉兄弟
- 伊斯梅爾·哈尼亞 2006年2月21日被巴勒斯坦民族權力機構主席馬赫姆得·阿巴斯任命為巴勒斯坦下屆總理
內部組織與軍事機構
政治組織
軍事組織
2007年6月17日，巴勒斯坦民族權力機構頒佈主席令，宣佈哈馬斯下屬的武裝派別為非法武裝。[2]
卡桑旅
卡桑旅，以20世紀30年代反對英國統治的著名巴勒斯坦烈士阿茲丁·卡桑的名字命名。卡桑旅不是一個軍事意義上的旅，而是對哈馬斯一個個戰鬥小組的統一稱謂，其前身是一個幾百人組成的敢死隊。卡桑旅的創始人和最高領導人是薩拉赫·謝哈德，2002年7月，在其加沙地帶的住所內被以色列戰機投下的一枚重磅炸彈炸死。卡桑旅的另一位創始人易卜拉欣·穆卡達在2003年3月8日乘汽車在加沙地帶街道上行駛時，突遭以軍導彈襲擊，當場死亡。現任卡桑旅負責人是戴伊夫。
軍事策略
通過對以色列平民的自殺性炸彈襲擊，迫使以色列撤離約旦河西岸和加沙地帶，建立獨立的巴勒斯坦國，並最終消滅以色列。以色列前沙龍政府從加沙地帶的撤軍被哈馬斯視為是自己軍事策略的重大勝利。
組建以來的行動
2001年，殺害以色列旅遊部長澤維
資料來源:維基百科
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BBC報道:
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Hamas sweeps to election victory | |||||||||||||||
Preliminary results give Hamas 76 of the 132 seats in the chamber, with the ruling Fatah party trailing on 43. The win poses problems for efforts to restart peace talks with Israel, say analysts. Israel insists it will not deal with an authority including Hamas. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, head of the Fatah party, says he remains committed to a peaceful settlement. "Our main objective is to end the occupation and have an independent Palestinian state," he said at a news conference after the results were announced.
Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei of Fatah has offered to resign, and the party has said it will not join Hamas in government. In Israel, interim Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said after a three-hour emergency meeting on Thursday that Israel would not negotiate with a Palestinian government including Hamas. "Israel will not conduct any negotiation with a Palestinian government, if it includes any (members of) an armed terror organisation that calls for Israel's destruction," Mr Olmert's office said in a statement. The BBC's Jeremy Bowen says Hamas' first big test will be an orderly transfer of power. If they can do it, Palestinians can at least hope for national unity, otherwise their immediate future is grim. 'Under occupation' US President George W Bush said the poll was a "wake-up call" for the Palestian leadership, but he hoped Mr Abbas would stay in power.
He said the US would not deal with Hamas unless it renounced its call to destroy Israel.
But Hamas co-founder Mahmoud Zahhar refused to renounce violence. "We are not playing terrorism or violence. We are under occupation," he told BBC World TV. "The Israelis are continuing their aggression against our people, killing, detention, demolition and in order to stop these processes, we run effective self defence by all means, including using guns." Hamas and Fatah supporters clashed on Thursday in the West Bank town of Ramallah. Shots were fired in the air and some injuries were reported. The clash, which happened after Hamas supporters tried to raise their flag over the Palestinian parliament, was brought under control by police after about 10 minutes. Arab concern Election commission head Hanna Nasser said 95% of the votes had now been counted, and the results could still change slightly. On top of the seats taken by Hamas and Fatah, the 13 remaining seats went to smaller parties and independents, some backed by Hamas. The turnout was 77%.
Mr Abbas will now have to discuss with Hamas the formation of a new government and the appointment of a prime minister. Hamas leaders have said they want to open talks with other groups including Fatah about a political partnership. The BBC's Richard Miron in Jerusalem says the mood in Israel is one of gloom. Israel's Foreign Minister, Tsipi Livni, appealed to the EU - the biggest financial donors to the authority - to firmly oppose the creation of a "terrorist government".
European leaders echoed the call for Hamas to renounce violence. "I think it is important for Hamas to understand that there comes a point and the point is now... where they have to decide between a path of democracy or a path of violence," UK Prime Minister Tony Blair said. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice will meet UN, European and Russian leaders on Monday to evaluate the result and decide how to proceed with peace efforts. The BBC's Heba Saleh in Cairo says the Hamas win will also cause Arab governments concern and boost Islamist opposition parties in Egypt and Jordan. The BBC's Jon Leyne in Jerusalem says there is no doubt that the Hamas showing has transformed the Palestinian political arena. But correspondents say Hamas seems unprepared for its own victory, and has not prepared itself to step neatly into government and assume immediate responsibility.
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Scenes in Ramallah
Israel will not conduct any negotiation with a Palestinian government, if it includes any (members of) an armed terror organisation that calls for Israel's destruction 
