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美歐日聯合聲明:西方終於明白中共社會主義式冷戰沒有結束

1)川普9月25日在聯大上,明明白白地說:「幾乎所有的社會主義或共產主義都經過了嘗試,它導致了苦難、腐敗和腐朽。社會主義對權力的渴望導致擴張、侵略和壓迫。世界上所有國家都應該抵制社會主義及其給每個人帶來的苦難。」

2)美歐日三方聯合聲明(四)紐約2018年9月25日

原創:丁穎(翻譯)國際貿易法評論昨天

2018年9月25日,美國貿易代表羅伯特·萊特希澤(Robert Lighthizer)、歐盟貿易委員西西莉亞·瑪姆斯托姆(Cecilia Malmstrom)和日本經濟貿易和工業部長世耕弘成(Hiroshige Seko)在於紐約進行三方會談。並在會後發佈了聯合聲明。

第三國非市場主導政策和做法相關聲明

部長們重申以下共同關切並確認了解決第三國非市場主導政策和做法問題的共同目標。第三國非市場主導政策和做法導致嚴重產能過剩,構成三方國內工人和企業不公平的競爭條件,阻礙創新技術的開發和使用,並破壞國際貿易的正常運作,並使得現有規則無效。

部長們回顧到,以市場為主導是公平、互利的全球貿易體系的基礎,各方公民和企業在市場條件下運作。部長們討論了正在採取的行動以及可能在不久的將來會採取的措施。

據此,三方指示其工作人員進一步探討非市場主導政策和做法在企業和行業中存在的各種要素或跡象,加強對第三國非市場導向政策和做法的信息共享,與其他貿易夥伴一起確定維持市場主導條件的手段,並深化關於執法和規則制定的討論,以解決上述問題。

產業補貼和國有企業相關聲明

部長們審查並確認了有關產業補貼和國有企業可能的新規則的進展情況,以便為其工人和企業提供更公平的競爭環境。部長們強調了確保公平競爭的重要性,因為第三國將國有企業發展成為國內頂尖並任其在全球市場肆虐——導致了對三方國內農民、工業生產商和工人的負面影響。在加強產業補貼和國有企業規則的方面,部長們認識到了現有工作的進展,以及加強共識的持續需要,包括如何制定有效的規則來解決國有企業扭曲市場的行為和對抗特別有害的補貼實踐,例如:國有銀行的放貸與公司的資信不符,還基於隱性的政府擔保;政府或政府控制的基金以非商業條件進行投資;非商業債轉股;優惠原料價格,包括雙重定價;在沒有可靠的重組計劃的情況下對不良企業的補貼;以及導致或維持產能過剩的補貼。

三方會繼續探討如何提高透明度和未進行補貼通報的成本,以及如何加強獲得補貼相關信息的能力。

部長們還確認會承諾繼續共同努力,以維持現有世貿組織規則的有效性。

在此基礎上,他們同意加強彼此之間的對話,並表示有意在2018年年底前推進各自的內部流程,以便在此後就更有效的補貼規則進行談判。部長們強調有必要確保主要貿易夥伴參與今後的談判。

第三國強制技術轉讓政策和做法相關聲明

部長們回顧了他們的共識,即任何國家都不應該通過合資要求、外國股權限制、行政審查和許可程序或其他方式,要求或迫使外國公司向國內公司轉讓技術。部長們認為這種做法非常糟糕。

部長們再次譴責政府採取支持未經授權入侵或從外國公司的計算機網絡中竊取,以獲取敏感的商業信息和商業機密,並將這些信息用於商業目的行為。強迫技術轉讓政策和做法造成了三方國內工人和企業不公平的競爭條件,阻礙了創新技術的開發和使用,並破壞了國際貿易的正常運作,部長們將就此與其他志同道合的貿易夥伴達成並建立共識。部長們還同意深入調查和分析各種具有危害性的技術轉讓政策和做法及其影響。

部長們重申將致力採取有效措施制止具有危害性的強制技術轉讓政策和做法,並為此深化關於執法和規則制定的討論,以解決此類問題。

關於WTO改革的討論的聲明

部長們對世貿組織改革的必要性持共同看法。就世貿組織其監測和監督職能,部長們同意首先共同提出有關透明度和通知的提案,供貨物貿易理事會下次會議審議。

部長們還同意促進加強委員會的常規活動,並指示三國專家討論由三成員國提出關於最佳實踐推廣和提高各委員會的效率可能的聯合提案。

過於寬泛的發展界定,加上自我定位的發展現狀,抑制了世貿組織談判新的貿易擴大協議的能力,也破壞其有效性。部長們呼籲宣稱發展中國家地位的先進的世貿組織成員在世貿組織正在進行和未來的談判中作出全面承諾。

數字貿易和電子商務相關聲明

部長們對數字保護主義泛濫的擔憂日益增加,並同意合作促進數字貿易和數字經濟的發展,並通過促進數據安全來改善商業環境。

部長們歡迎世貿組織電子商務聯合聲明倡議下的探索性工作取得進展。他們同意加強和加速WTO規則的更新進程,加深成員之間對需要納入未來的數字貿易協議的要素,以及此類協議的重大經濟效益的共識。部長們同意繼續努力,在儘可能多的成員的參與下及時啟動高標準協議的談判。

關於其他問題的合作聲明

部長們確認了協同工作在貿易和外國投資領域降低國家安全的風險的重要性,包括三方有關當局之間繼續合作,以分享最佳做法和交換有關外國投資審查機制的信息。

部長們歡迎國際出口信貸工作組的三邊合作,以便儘快在2019年為政府支持的出口信貸制定一套新的指導方針。

部長們重申在國際論壇,如七國集團、二十國集團和經合組織等國際論壇以及鋼鐵產能過剩全球論壇和政府間半導體會議等中的合作,以解決扭曲市場措施。

英文原文如下:

Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan, and the European Union

Mr. Hiroshige Seko, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, Ambassador Robert E. Lighthizer, United States Trade Representative, and Mrs. Cecilia Malmström, European Commissioner for Trade, met in New York on25 September2018.

Statement on Concerns with Non-Market-Oriented Policies and Practices of Third Countries

The Ministers reiterated their concern with and confirmed their shared objective to address non market-oriented policies and practices of third countries that lead to severe overcapacity, create unfair competitive conditions for their workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade, including where existing rules are not effective.

The Ministers recalled that market-oriented conditions are fundamental to a fair, mutually advantageous global trading system and that their citizens and businesses operate under market-oriented conditions. They discussed actions being taken and possible measures that could be undertaken in the near future.

Accordingly, they directed their staff to further their discussion on various elements or indications that signal that non-market oriented policies and practices exist for businesses and industries, to enhance information sharing on non-market-oriented policies and practices of third countries, to engage with other trading partners on identifying means to maintain market-oriented conditions, and to deepen discussions on enforcement and rule-making as tools to address these problems.

Statement on Industrial Subsidies and State Owned Enterprise

The Ministers reviewed and confirmed progress regarding possible new rules on industrial subsidies and State Owned Enterprises so as to promote a more level playing field for their workers and businesses. The Ministers highlighted the importance of securing a level playing field given the challenges posed by third parties developing State Owned Enterprises into national champions and setting them loose in global markets– resulting in distortions that negatively affect farmers, industrial producers, and workers in the Ministers』 home countries. The Ministers recognized the progress of their work, and the continued need to deepen their shared understanding, on the basis for strengthening rules on industrial subsidies and State Owned Enterprises, including how to develop effective rules to address market-distorting behavior of state enterprises and confront particularly harmful subsidy practices such as: state-owned bank lending incompatible with a company’s creditworthiness, including due to implicit government guarantees; government or government-controlled investment fund equity investment on non-commercial terms; non-commercial debt-to-equity swaps; preferential input pricing, including dual pricing; subsidies to an ailing enterprise without a credible restructuring plan; and subsidies leading to or maintaining overcapacity.

The trilateral partners continue exploring how to increase the costs of transparency and notification failures and how to strengthen the ability to obtain information on subsidies.

The Ministers also confirmed their commitment to continue working together to maintain the effectiveness of existing WTO disciplines.

On that basis, they agreed to intensify discussions among themselves and expressed their intention to advance their respective internal steps before the end of2018 with the aim of initiating a negotiation on more effective subsidy rules soon thereafter. The Ministers emphasized the need to ensure the participation of key trading partners in these future negotiations.

Statement on Concerns with Forced Technology Transfer Policies and Practices of Third Countries

The Ministers recalled their shared view that no country should require or pressure technology transfer from foreign companies to domestic companies, including, for example, through the use of joint venture requirements, foreign equity limitations, administrative review and licensing processes, or other means. The Ministers found such practices to be deplorable.

The Ministers again condemned government actions that support the unauthorized intrusion into, and theft from, the computer networks of foreign companies to access their sensitive commercial information and trade secrets and use that information for commercial gain. Recalling that forced technology transfer policies and practices create unfair competitive conditions for their workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade, the Ministers will reach out to and build consensus with other like-minded partners. The Ministers also agreed to deepen their investigation and analysis of the full range of harmful technology transfer policies and practices and their effects.

The Ministers affirmed their commitment to effective means to stop harmful forced technology transfer policies and practices, and to this end, deepen discussions on enforcement and rule-making as tools to address these problems.

Statement on Discussions on WTO Reform

The Ministers shared a common view on the need for the reform of the WTO, and, with respect to its monitoring and surveillance function, agreed as a first step to co-sponsor a transparency and notification proposal for consideration at the next meeting of the WTO Council on Trade in Goods.

They also agreed to promote the strengthening of the regular committees』 activities and instructed their experts to discuss the development of a potential joint proposal by the three members focusing on the promotion of best practices and increasing efficiencies across committees.

Overly broad classifications of development, combined with self-designation of development status, inhibits the WTO’s ability to negotiate new, trade-expanding agreements and undermines their effectiveness. The Ministers called on advanced WTO Members claiming developing country status to undertake full commitments in ongoing and future WTO negotiations.

Statement on Digital Trade and E-Commerce

The Ministers shared growing concerns about proliferation of digital protectionism and agreed to cooperate in facilitating digital trade and the growth of the digital economy and to enhance business environments through the promotion of data security.

The Ministers welcome the progress of exploratory work under the WTO Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce. They agreed to intensify and accelerate this process to deepen understanding among members on possible elements to be included in a future agreement on digital trade aiming at updating the WTO rulebook, as well as the significant economic benefits of such an agreement. The Ministers agreed to continue work toward the timely launch of negotiations of a high standard agreement with the participation of as many members as possible.

Statement on Cooperation on Other Issues

The Ministers confirmed the importance of coordination among themselves to mitigate risks to their national security from trade and foreign investment, including the continued cooperation between appropriate authorities of the three partners to share best practices and exchange information on foreign investment review mechanisms.

The Ministers welcomed trilateral cooperation for the International Working Group on Export Credits to develop a new set of guidelines for government-supported export credits as soon as possible in2019.

The Ministers reaffirmed their cooperation in international fora, such as the G7, G20 and the OECD and in sectoral initiatives such as the Global Forum on Steel Excess Capacity and Governments/Authorities Meeting on Semiconductors, to address market-distorting measures.

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